System and method for mounting photovoltaic modules

ABSTRACT

A photovoltaic system includes a plurality of rectangular-shaped photovoltaic modules and a plurality of separate and spaced-apart support members supporting and orienting the photovoltaic modules in an array on the support surface without penetrating the support surface. The support members are formed of plastic and each of the photovoltaic modules is supported by at least four of the support members. Each of the support members is secured to and supports at least one of the photovoltaic modules but is not directly secured to any of the other support members. Thus the support modules can be utilized to support a wide variety of different sizes of photovoltaic modules. A wind shield is located at the rearward most support members. The wind shield is spaced a distance from the rearward photovoltaic modules and shaped to deflect wind up and over the array of photovoltaic modules.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/447,883 filed on Mar. 1, 2011, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

Not Applicable

PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT

Not Applicable

REFERENCE TO APPENDIX

Not Applicable

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The field of the present invention generally relates to mounting systems and methods and, more particularly, to systems and methods for mounting photovoltaic modules or panels on support surfaces such as, for example, building rooftops, the ground, or the like.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A photovoltaic (PV) panel, often referred to as a solar panel or PV module, is a packaged interconnected assembly of solar cells also known as PV cells. The PV module is typically used as a component of a larger PV system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Because a single PV module can only produce a limited amount of power, most installations contain several PV modules to form a PV array. The PV array is often mounted on a building rooftop or the ground with each of the PV modules in a fixed position facing generally south.

There are many mounting systems for securing PV modules to rooftops that adequately withstand wind loads. However, these prior mounting systems are not environmentally friendly, are relatively expensive to produce, time consuming to install, custom fabricated to each type or brand of PV module, and/or can damage the rooftop by penetrating a roof membrane. Accordingly, there is a need in the art for improved mounting systems for PV modules in rooftop applications.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Disclosed are mounting systems and methods that overcome at least one of the disadvantages of the prior art described above. Disclosed is a mounting system for photovoltaic modules comprising, in combination, a plurality of separate support members supporting and orienting the photovoltaic modules in an array. Each of the photovoltaic modules is supported by at least four of the support members. Each of the support members is secured to at least one of the photovoltaic modules but not directly secured to any of the other support members.

Also disclosed is a photovoltaic system mounted on a support surface, where the system comprises, in combination, a plurality of rectangular-shaped photovoltaic modules and a plurality of separate and spaced-apart support members supporting and orienting the photovoltaic modules in an array on the support surface without penetrating the support surface. Each of the photovoltaic modules is supported by at least four of the support members. Each of the support members is secured to and supports at least one of the photovoltaic modules but is not directly secured to any of the other support members.

Also disclosed is a photovoltaic system comprising, in combination, a plurality of rectangular-shaped photovoltaic modules and a plurality of separate and spaced-apart support members supporting and orienting the photovoltaic modules in an array. Each of the photovoltaic modules is supported by at least four of the support members. The system further comprises a wind shield at rearward most ones of the support members that is spaced a distance from the rearward most ones of the photovoltaic modules and shaped to deflect wind up and over the array of photovoltaic modules rather than under the photovoltaic modules to reduce wind load.

From the foregoing disclosure and the following more detailed description of various preferred embodiments it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention provides a significant advance in the technology and art of mounting systems. Particularly significant in this regard is the potential the invention affords for a device that is universal, environmentally friendly, and relatively inexpensive to produce and is easy to use. Additional features and advantages of various preferred embodiments will be better understood in view of the detailed description provided below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and further features of the present invention will be apparent with reference to the following description and drawing, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an array of photovoltaic (PV) modules utilizing a mounting system according to the present invention, wherein each of the PV modules is supported in a landscape orientation.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged perspective view of a portion of FIG. 1, showing support members of the mounting system.

FIG. 3 is a top/rear perspective view of one of the support members of FIGS. 1 and 2.

FIG. 4 is a top/front perspective view of the support member of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a bottom perspective view of the support member of FIGS. 3 and 4.

FIG. 6 is rear elevational view of the support member of FIGS. 3 to 5.

FIG. 7 is another perspective view of an alternative version of the array of PV modules shown in FIG. 1 but wherein the PV modules are secured in a different orientation.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an array according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of an array according to a third embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a side elevational view of the array of FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a support member of the array of FIGS. 9 and 10;

FIG. 12 is a fragmented cross sectional view showing an attachment system for securing the PV Modules of the array of FIGS. 9 and 10.

FIG. 12A is a fragmented cross sectional view similar to FIG. 12 but showing an alternative attachment system.

FIG. 13 is another perspective view of an alternative version of the array of PV modules shown in FIGS. 9 to 11 but wherein the PV modules are secured in a different orientation.

It should be understood that the appended drawings are not necessarily to scale, presenting a somewhat simplified representation of various preferred features illustrative of the basic principles of the invention. The specific design features of the mounting systems as disclosed herein, including, for example, specific dimensions and shapes of the various components will be determined in part by the particular intended application and use environment. Certain features of the illustrated embodiments have been enlarged or distorted relative to others to facilitate visualization and clear understanding. In particular, thin features may be thickened, for example, for clarity or illustration. All references to direction and position, unless otherwise indicated, refer to the orientation of the mounting systems illustrated in the drawings. In general, up or upward refers to an upward direction within the plane of the paper in FIG. 6 and down or downward refers to a downward direction within the plane of the paper in FIG. 6. In general, front or forward refers to a direction towards the south and towards the left within the plane of the paper in FIG. 1 and rear or rearward refers to a direction towards the north and towards the right within the plane of the paper in FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art, that is, to those who have knowledge or experience in this area of technology, that many uses and design variations are possible for the improved mounting systems and methods disclosed herein. The following detailed discussion of various alternative and preferred embodiments will illustrate the general principles of the invention with regard to the specific application of rooftop mounted photovoltaic (PV) modules that are in the form of rectangular-shaped panels. Other embodiments suitable for other applications will be apparent to those skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure such as for example, ground mounted PV modules and/or PV modules having differ shapes.

FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate a photovoltaic system 10 according to the present invention. The illustrated photovoltaic system or array 10 includes an array of solar panels or PV modules 12 mounted to a substantially flat support surface 14 (pitch range of about 0 degrees to about 5 degrees) in the form of a building rooftop 14 by a mounting system or assembly 16 according to the present invention. The illustrated mounting system 16 includes a plurality of support members 18 that rest on the support surface 14 and support and orient the PV modules 12 above the support surface 14 and a plurality of ballasts 20 in the form of ballast blocks that weight the support members 18 to the support surface 14 to maintain the position of the support members 18 on the support surface 14. The illustrated PV array 10 has each of the rectangular shaped PV modules 12 oriented in a portrait orientation, that is, with the longest axis of the PV modules 12 extending in a forward-rearward direction which is typically the south-north direction. It is noted, however, that the PV modules 12 can alternatively be oriented by the support members 18 in a landscape orientation, that is, with the longest axis of the PV modules 12 extending in a lateral or side-to-side direction which is typically the east-west direction (see FIG. 7). In either the portrait or landscape orientations, the illustrated PV modules 12 are supported in an inclined position such that the forward end of each PV module 12 is positioned lower than its rearward end so that typically the southern end is positioned lower than the northern end.

Each illustrated PV module 12 is supported by a plurality of the support members 18. At least three of the support members 18 must be utilized for each of the PV modules 12 in order to establish a desired plane for the PV modules 12. For the illustrated rectangular-shaped PV modules 12, at least four of the support members 18 are preferably utilized to support each of the PV modules 12 so that they can be positioned at or near each corner of the rectangular-shaped PV modules 12. Each support member 18 supports at least one of the PV modules 12 but some of the illustrated support members 18 support more than one of the PV modules 12. The illustrated PV modules 12 are secured to the support members 18 (as described in more detail hereinafter) but each the support members 18 is not directly secured to any of the other support members 18. It is noted that while there is not a direct structural connection between the support members 18, the support members 18 are indirectly connected by the PV modules 12 in a structural manner. That is, they are connected in a load carrying manner. It is noted that non-load bearing components such as wind shields and the like can also be supported by the support members 18 as discussed in more detail hereinafter. Thus, the support members 18 are only structurally connected to one another through the PV modules 12. Securing the support members 18 at or near the corners of PV modules 12, and not directly connected to one another, allows the mounting system 16 to be used with PV modules 12 of any width and length without requiring customization or modification to the support members 18 or the PV modules 12. Thus a common support member 18 can be used in many applications to mount many different models of PV modules 12. Also, the illustrated support members 18 are not fastened to the support surface 14 and simply rest on the support surface 14 as they are weighted in place by the ballast 20. Therefore the support members 18 do not penetrate the roof membrane of the support surface 14.

The illustrated mounting system 16 has the flexibility to be configured to add resistance to wind loads at most installation sites. To further resist winds from the north which create the greatest need for ballast weight, one or more of the support members 18 can be placed in between the support members 18 at the corners of the PV module 12 to add additional ballast 20 and block wind from blowing underneath the PV module to create uplift. The additional support member also creates the ability for ballast 20 in the form of a concrete block to be placed on its side and straddling two of the support members 18 to further create a wind barrier which prevents wind from blowing underneath the PV module 12 to create uplift. The illustrated PV array 10 shows that support members and straddling ballast 20 can be utilized to fully block the rearward end of the PV array 10.

As shown in FIGS. 3 to 6, each of the illustrated support members 18 can be quickly and removably attached to the PV module 12 without tools using an attachment system 21. The illustrated attachment system 21 is in the form of pivoting hooks 22. In the illustrated embodiment, up to four pivoting hooks 22 can be secured at the forward or end and the rearward end of the support member 18. The illustrated hooks 22 are adapted to engage and secure a lower flange 24 of the PV module 12. Both ends of the illustrated support member 18 are provided with a pair of laterally spaced-apart upper holes 26 on each side of the support member centerline 28 so that the hooks 22 can be located to engage PV module flanges 24 in both directions and having a variety of different widths so that customization of the flange 24, hook 22, or support member 18 is not required. Both ends of the illustrated support member 18 are also provided with a pair of laterally spaced apart lower holes 30 on each side of the support member centerline 28 for attachment of the hooks 22. More than two holes 26, 30 can be utilized if it is desired to accommodate a wider variety of widths for the PV module lower flange 24. It is noted that any other suitable quantity and/or locations for the openings 26, 28 can be utilized depending on how much flexibility in positioning the hooks 22 is desired.

To secure the PV module 12 to the illustrated support member 18, the hook 22 is first attached to the support member 18 by inserting a first removable fastener 32 through an upper hole 34 of the hook 22 and into one of the upper holes 26 in the support member 18 so that the hook 22 is pivotably secured to the support member 18. That is, the hook 22 is pivotable relative to the support member 18 about the rivet 26. The illustrated fastener 32 is a plastic push rivet. Suitable plastic push rivets include TR and TRM rivets available from Richco Inc. of Morton Grove, Ill. It is noted that any other suitable fastener 32 can alternatively be utilized in place of the illustrated push rivets 32. With the hook 22 pivotably attached to the support member 18, the PV module 12 is placed onto the support member 18 and the PV module 12 is secured to the support member 18 by pivoting the hook 22 about the rivet (clockwise in FIG. 6) until the hook 22 is vertical and its hook portion 36 is above and pressing down on the lower flange 24 of the PV module 12. A second removable fastener 23 in the form of a plastic push rivet is inserted through a lower hole 38 of the hook 22 and into one of the lower holes 30 in the support member 18 so that the hook 22 is no longer pivotable relative to the support member 18. The illustrated attachment system is low cost, universal, quick, easy, and robust. It is noted however, that any other suitable attachment system 21 can alternatively be utilized to secure the PV modules 12 to the support members 18 if desired. For example, one alternative to the illustrated attachment system 21 is to replace the push rivet 32 with a snap-in feature or features integrally molded into the hook 22 that snaps into the upper holes 26 and/or locks into the lower holes 30 the hook 22 is being pivoted into place. Also for example, another alternative to the illustrated attachment system 21 is to replace the hook 22 with a slide mechanism that slides across the top of the support member 18 after the PV module 12 is in place to trap the PV module's lower flange 24. The slider of the slide mechanism could be held in place by snap-in features, fasteners, or the like.

The illustrated support member 18 is designed to be entirely comprised of plastic and can be manufactured by thermoforming by using chamfers, gussets, large radii, and large draft angles. A suitable plastic is High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (HMWPE) with UV inhibitor. It is noted however, that the support member 18 can alternatively comprise other materials and/or can be manufactured by other methods such as, for example, injection molding or the like. Plastic enables desired complex shapes to be produced at relatively low cost and has other advantages over prior art products made of aluminum, galvanized metal, and stainless steel materials. For example, plastic is rustproof, can be made with 100% recycled materials and is 100% recyclable, does not require electrical grounding, and is harmless on the roof membrane, and is low cost.

The illustrated support member 18 is formed of thin walls and includes a bottom wall 40 surrounded by hollow forward, rearward and side walls 42, 44, 46 to form a central upward facing cavity 48. The cavity 48 is sized and shaped for receiving the ballast as described in more detail hereinafter. The illustrated support member 18 includes an outer peripheral flange 50 that has an upturned outer edge or lip that is stepped slightly above the support surface 14 to prevent the edge from damaging the support surface 14 particularly when it is a thin roof membrane. These upturned edges also add strength to flange 50. The illustrated support member 18 utilizes built-in ribs 52 and a variable wall thickness to enable the support member 18 to adequately support the PV modules 12, and other loads such as large snow loads, with thin walls and low cost commodity plastics. The hollow shape and large draft angles allow for the illustrated support members 18 to be nested together when stacked to lower shipping and handling costs.

The illustrated hollow forward wall 42 forms a first or forward support surface 54 at its top and the hollow rearward wall 44 forms a second or rearward support surface 56 at its top. The first support surface 54 is sized and shaped to support the rearward ends of the PV modules 12. The second support surface 56 is sized and shaped to support the forward ends of the PV modules 12. The first support surface 54 is located at a height greater than a height of the second support surface 56 so that the PV modules 12 resting thereon are inclined. The difference in height as well as the length of the PV module 12 determines the angle of inclination of the PV module 12. The tilt angle is preferably within the range of 10 degrees to 12 degrees depending on the dimension of the PV module 12. The illustrated first and second support surfaces 54, 56 are each inclined in the same direction (downward in a forward direction) to account for the inclination of the PV modules 12. The illustrated support member 18 is sized and shaped to automatically align the PV modules 12 relative to one another when supported on the support surfaces 54, 56. The illustrated support member 18 includes various features to align the PV modules 12 in both the east/west direction (that is, the lateral direction) and the north/south direction (that is, the rearward/forward direction). By using these features to trap or prevent movement the PV module 12 relative to the support member 18 in all directions but up and the support surfaces 54, 56 prevent downward movement of the PV module 12, the attachment system 21 only needs to keep the PV module 12 from moving up relative to the support member 12.

The illustrated first support surface 54 is provided with a centrally located wall that forms opposed first and second abutments 58, 60 that face in laterally outward directions (that is, in directions horizontal and perpendicular to the longitudinal centerline 28 of the support member 18). With a side flange 62, which connects the lower flange 24, engaging the abutment 58, 60 the PV module 12 supported on the first support surface 54 is automatically positioned and aligned to the longitudinal centerline 28 of the support member 18. The illustrated second support surface 56 is provided with a centrally located wall that forms opposed first and second abutments 64, 66 that face in laterally outward direction (that is, in directions horizontal and perpendicular to the longitudinal centerline 28 of the support member 18). With the side flange 62 of the PV module 12 engaging the abutment 64, 66 the PV module 12 supported on the second engagement surface 44 is automatically positioned and aligned to the longitudinal centerline 28 of the support member 18. The hollow side walls 46 form rearward facing abutments 68 at their rear ends. With the side flange 50 of the PV module 12 engaging the rear facing abutments 68, the PV module 12 supported on the second engagement surface 56 is automatically positioned and aligned in the forward/rearward direction relative to the support member 18. The illustrated abutments 68 are located near the second support surface 56 but spaced forward of the second support surface 44.

The illustrated side walls 46 of the support member 18 have cutouts or notches 70 to hold a ballast 20 in the form of a block positioned on its side and extending laterally, either across one support member 18 or straddling two support members 18 (as described in more detail hereinafter). The illustrated notches 70 are located near the forward wall 42 but are spaced rearwardly from the forward wall 42. Positioned in this manner, the ballast 20 effectively blocks the wind and adds ballast weight, without shading any PV module 12 located to the north. An alternative to the illustrated cutouts 70 is to mold a suitable cavity for holding the ballast without cutting out the surfaces of the side walls 46.

The illustrated support members 18 also have holes 72 that accept one of many commercially available wire management clips to provide built-in wire management. Suitable wire management cable ties include WIT-40LAR and WIT-RRA available from Richco Inc. of Morton Grove, Ill. An alternative is to mold channels into the support member 18 through which wires from the PV modules 12 can be run.

The bottom surface of the illustrated bottom wall 40 has “tread” or other raised features 74 that increase the traction (or coefficient of friction) between the support member 18 and the flat support surface 14. This increased traction reduces the amount of ballast weight required to keep the support member 18 from sliding relative to the support surface 14 during wind loads. Alternatively and/or additionally, a rubber pad, feet, or the like (such as, for example EPDM) can be provided underneath the support member 18 to further increase the coefficient of friction. Another alternative is to use a double sided adhesive pad so that the support member 18 adheres to the support surface 14. Yet another alternative is to use butyl tape or the like under the support member 18 when the support surface 14 is a building rooftop so that the butyl will adhere to the rooftop surface once the temperature is high on a hot day, similar to asphalt shingles.

Each of the illustrated support members 18 can carry up to three of the ballasts 20 in the form of standard off-the-shelf, commercially available solid concrete blocks or roof pavers. The illustrated ballast blocks are of the size 4″×8″×16″ and weigh about 31.5 pounds each based on ASTM Designation C1491-01a. In the illustrated embodiment, two of the ballast blocks are stacked and longitudinally extend near a rearward end of the support member 18 and one is positioned on its side and laterally extends near a forward end of the support member 18. The three illustrated ballast blocks provide about 94.5 lbs of ballast to the support member 18. It is noted that any other suitable quantity, position and orientation of the blocks can alternatively be utilized as desired for a particular installation. For example, some of the illustrated support members 18 have two ballast blocks that are stacked and longitudinally extend near a forward end of the support member 18. It is noted that any other suitable type, shape, quantity, orientation, weight, and/or size of ballast 20 can alternatively be utilized. For example, the ballast 20 can be in the form of water bladders, sand filled containers, gravel filled containers, or the like. Advantages of water over other weight providing materials such as concrete are that it is free, easy to pump the mounting site, safe on the roof membrane or other support surface 14, can be easily drained when decommissioning the PV array 10, and has no impact on the environment. The water bladder would be sealed to prevent evaporation and undesirable bacteria to cause a nuisance. In order to account for expansion and contraction due to freezing/thawing and temperature changes, airspace could be maintained above the water or the bladder could be flexible to expand and contract.

As best shown in FIG. 7, the PV modules 12 can be mounted using the same support members 18 to mount the PV modules 12 in the landscape orientation rather than the portrait orientation. In this portrait orientation, the PV modules 12 are mounted directly to the support members 18 using an attachment system 21 utilizing mounting holes 92 provided by the manufacturer of the PV module 12 in the lower flange 24 of the PV module 12 (see FIG. 12A). A plastic push rivet is one way to fasten the PV module 12 to the support member 18 but any other suitable fastener, clamp, clip, latch or the like can alternatively be utilized. This alternative landscape orientation can be used in cases where the manufacturer of the PV module 12 requires that the mounting holes 92 of the PV module 12 be used or in cases where wind loads require weight exceeding the provisions of the portrait orientation configuration described above.

FIG. 8 illustrates a PV array 10 according to a second embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment illustrates that the support members 18 can have other suitable forms. The support member 18 of this embodiment includes a hollow plastic reservoir or tank 76 that can be filled with water for ballast weight. It is noted that the support member 18 described hereinabove with regard to the first embodiment of the invention could be modified to accomplish this with very little change. The void or cavity 48 where the concrete ballast blocks rest would be instead filled by the reservoir 76. The illustrated reservoir 76 is formed hollow, filled with water, and sealed closed. A removable cap is provided to seal closed the inlet used to fill the reservoir 76. An air gap within the reservoir 76 allows for water volume changes due to freezing and thawing. The illustrated PV module 12 is supported at four locations by identical feet 78. The attachment system 21 secures the feet 78 to the mounting holes in the PV module's lower flange 24. The attachment system 21 can be any suitable fastener (such as bolt and nuts, plastic push rivets, or the like), clamp, clip, latch, or the like. It is noted that the tank 76 can naturally create a wind barrier to prevent uplift due to wind blowing below the PV modules 12.

FIGS. 9 to 12 illustrate a PV array 10 according to a third embodiment of the invention. This embodiment also illustrates that the support members 18 can have other suitable forms. The support member 18 of this embodiment is formed so that the ballast 20, which is in the form of a concrete block, can lay flat in a transverse direction centrally on the support member 18. The support member 18 also does not have the abutment forming walls so that the lower flange 24 of the PV modules can rest on the support surfaces 54, 56 and are secured to the support member 18 by the attachment system 21 in the form of a clamp assembly 80. The illustrated clamp assembly 80 includes a threaded stud or bolt 82 that vertically extends through an opening 84 at the support surface 54, 56. A clamping element 86 is secured to the bolt 82 with a nut 88 to form a compression clamp which secures the PV module 12 to the engagement surface 54, 56 of the support member 18 and the clamping element 86. The illustrated clamp assembly 80 includes a metal plate 89 in the firm of a disc to secure the stud 82 to the support member 18 but the stud 82 can alternatively be secured in any other suitable manner. The illustrated PV module 12 engages the metal plate 89 and can be conveniently used as a grounding point for the PV Module 12 if desired. Suitable compression clamp assemblies 80 are S-5-PV clamps which are available from Metal Roof Innovations, Ltd, of Colorado Springs, Colo. It is noted that the attachment system 21 can alternatively be any other suitable fastener (such as bolt and nuts, plastic push rivets, or the like), clamp, clip, latch, or the like. FIG. 12A illustrates an alternative attachment system 21 which includes a bolt and nut 90, 91 with the bolt 90 extending through an opening 92 in the lower flange 24 of the PV module 12. This attachment system can be particularly useful when the manufacturer of the PV module 12 requires mounting through the flange openings 92.

This embodiment also includes a rear wind shield or blocker 94 supported by the support members 18 at the rear end of the array system 10 in order to reduce wind load. The illustrated wind shield 94 is held by the rearward most ones of the support members 18 and is shaped and spaced a distance from rearward most ones of the photovoltaic modules 12 to deflect wind, blowing from the north, up and over the array of photovoltaic modules 12 rather than under the photovoltaic modules 12 in order to reduce wind load. The illustrated wind shield 94 extends the full width of the PV array 10 between the outer most lateral edges of the PV modules 12 but any other suitable distance can alternatively be utilized and/or more than one wind shield 94 can be utilized to cover the desired distance. The illustrated wind shield 94 has an arcuate portion forming a concave surface facing rearward and upper and lower flange portions for securing the wind shield 94 to the support members 18. The illustrated upper flange extends in a direction opposed to the convex surface and the illustrated lower flange extends in the direction of the convex surface. The illustrated wind shield 94 is positioned on the rear side of the rearward walls 44 of the rearward most support members 18. The illustrated rearward walls 44 are convex to cooperate with the arcuate portion of the wind shield 94. It is noted that this shape can be effective defect a portion of the wind even when the wind shield 94 is not utilized. The illustrated upper flange engages a portion of the second support surface 56 while the illustrated lower flange engages a ledge located at the bottom of the rearward wall 44. The wind shield 94 can be held the support members 18 in any suitable manner. The illustrated wind shield 94 is positioned a distance D rearwardly from the rearward most ones of the photovoltaic modules 12 which is at least 1.5 times a maximum height H of the rearward most ones of the photovoltaic modules 12 so that wind is deflected up and over the array of photovoltaic modules 12. Constructed in this manner, it is not necessary to close off the entire gap below the rear edge of the rearward most PV modules 12. It is noted that the rear wind shield 94 can be eliminated if desired.

The wind shield 94 is preferably extruded of a lightweight plastic material but it can alternatively be formed in any other suitable manner and/or can alternatively comprise any other suitable material. The lightweight plastic material can be of any suitable type. The wind shield 94 is preferably lightweight and non structural, that is, it does not significantly increase the structural strength or stiffness of the array system 10.

The illustrated PV array system 10 also includes a front wind shield 94A which is forward facing and positioned at the forward side of the array system 10 to protect against any wind blowing from the south. The front wind shield 94A is located at the front side of the forward most ones of the PV modules 12 and substantially closes the gap under the front edge. The illustrated front wind shield 94 extends the full width of the PV array 10 between the outer most lateral edges of the PV modules 12 but any other suitable distance can alternatively be utilized and/or more than one wind shield 94A can be utilized to cover the desired distance. The front side of the rearward walls 44 of the support members 18 are sized and shaped with ledges and a convex portion to cooperate with the front wind shield 94A in a manner similar to the way the rear side of the rearward walls 44 cooperate with the rear wind shield 94. The front wind shield 94A is preferably constructed identical to the rear wind shield 94 so that the advantages of common parts can be utilized. It is noted that the front wind shield 94A can be eliminated if desired.

The illustrated PV array system 10 further includes intermediate wind shields 94B which are rearward facing and positioned between the forward and rearward sides of the array system 10 to protect against any wind blowing from the north at a steep angle or the like. While these wind shields 94B may not be effective to deflect all wind up and over the PV modules 12, they can still reduce the amount of wind that passes under the PV modules 12. The intermediate wind shields 94B are located at intermediate ones of the support members 18. The illustrated intermediate wind shields 94B extend the full width of the PV array 10 between the outer most lateral edges of the PV modules 12 but any other suitable distance can alternatively be utilized and/or more than one wind shield 94B can be utilized to cover the desired distance. The illustrated rear sides of forward walls 42 of the support members 18 are sized and shaped with ledges and to cooperate with a pair of the intermediate wind shield 94B one above the other in a manner similar to the way the rearward walls 44 cooperate with the rear wind shield 94. Configured in this manner the intermediate wind shields 94B substantially close the entire gap below the rearward side of PV modules 12 located between the forward and rearward sides of the PV array system 10. The intermediate wind shields 94B are preferably constructed identical to the rear wind shield 94 so that the advantages of common parts can be utilized. It is noted that the intermediate wind shields 94B can be eliminated if desired.

As best shown in FIG. 13, the PV modules 12 can be mounted using the same support members 18 described-above to mount the PV modules 12 in the portrait orientation rather than the landscape orientation.

Any of the features or attributes of the above described embodiments and variations can be used in combination with any of the other features and attributes of the above described embodiments and variations as desired.

From the foregoing disclosure it will be apparent that the mounting systems according to the present invention provide improved means for mounting PV modules to flat rooftops and the like. These attributes provide the mounting system with important advantages over competitive products on the market today. These advantages include: it is environmentally friendly, universal and off-the shelf design, no electrical grounding is required, rustproof, and no harm the roof membrane because it does not penetrate the roof in any way.

From the foregoing disclosure and detailed description of certain preferred embodiments, it will be apparent that various modifications, additions and other alternative embodiments are possible without departing from the true scope and spirit of the present invention. The embodiments discussed were chosen and described to provide the best illustration of the principles of the present invention and its practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within the scope of the present invention as determined by the appended claims when interpreted in accordance with the benefit to which they are fairly, legally, and equitably entitled. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A mounting system for photovoltaic modules, said mounting system comprising, in combination: a plurality of separate support members supporting and orienting the photovoltaic modules in an array, the array including one or more rows of photovoltaic modules; wherein each of the photovoltaic modules is supported by at least four of the support members; and wherein each of the support members is secured to and supports only one of the photovoltaic modules in each of the one or more rows of photovoltaic modules and is not directly secured to any of the other support members, each of the support members only being structurally connected to any of the other support members by means of one or more of the photovoltaic modules in the array, and each of the support members including a body portion with a plurality of hollow walls and a cavity configured to receive a ballast, the cavity bounded by at least two of the plurality of hollow walls.
 2. The mounting system according to claim 1, wherein the support members comprise plastic.
 3. The mounting system according to claim 2, wherein the support members are sized and shaped to nest together in a stack for shipping and storage.
 4. The mounting system according to claim 2, wherein a metal plate is located at an attachment location of the support member for the photovoltaic modules to ground the photovoltaic modules.
 5. The mounting system according to claim 1, wherein the support members are secured to the photovoltaic modules with clamps.
 6. The mounting system according to claim 1, wherein the support members are secured to mounting holes of the photovoltaic modules.
 7. The mounting system according to claim 1, wherein the support members are sized and shaped to selectively orient the photovoltaic modules in both a portrait orientation and a landscape orientation.
 8. The mounting system according to claim 1, further including a wind shield at rearward most ones of the support members that is spaced a distance from rearward most ones of the photovoltaic modules and shaped to deflect wind up and over the array of photovoltaic modules rather than under the photovoltaic modules to reduce wind load.
 9. The mounting system according to claim 8, wherein the distance between the wind shield and the rearward most ones of the photovoltaic modules is at least 1.5 times a maximum height of the rearward most ones of the photovoltaic modules, and wherein the wind shield is supported by rear walls of the rearward most ones of the support members.
 10. A photovoltaic system mounted on a support surface, the system comprising, in combination: a plurality of rectangular-shaped photovoltaic modules; a plurality of separate and spaced-apart support members supporting and orienting the photovoltaic modules in an array on the support surface without penetrating the support surface, the array including a plurality of rows of photovoltaic modules, each of the plurality of rows including a plurality of photovoltaic modules; wherein each of the photovoltaic modules is supported by at least four of the support members; wherein each of the support members is secured to and supports only one of the photovoltaic modules in each of the plurality of rows of photovoltaic modules and is not directly secured to any of the other support members; and wherein at least one of the support members is secured to and supports one photovoltaic module in a first row of the plurality of rows of photovoltaic modules and another photovoltaic module in a second row of the plurality of rows of photovoltaic modules, and each of the support members including a body portion with a cavity configured to receive a ballast.
 11. The photovoltaic system according to claim 10, wherein the support members comprise plastic.
 12. The photovoltaic system according to claim 11, wherein the support members are sized and shaped to nest together in a stack for shipping and storage.
 13. The photovoltaic system according to claim 11, wherein a metal plate is located at an attachment location of the support member for the photovoltaic modules to ground the photovoltaic modules.
 14. The photovoltaic system according to claim 10, wherein the support members are secured to the photovoltaic modules with clamps.
 15. The photovoltaic system according to claim 10, wherein the support members are secured to mounting holes of the photovoltaic modules.
 16. The photovoltaic system according to claim 10, wherein the support members are sized and shaped to selectively orient the photovoltaic modules in both a portrait orientation and a landscape orientation.
 17. A photovoltaic system comprising, in combination: a plurality of rectangular-shaped photovoltaic modules; a plurality of separate and spaced-apart support members supporting and orienting the photovoltaic modules in an array, the array including one or more rows of photovoltaic modules, each of the one or more rows including a plurality of photovoltaic modules; wherein each of the photovoltaic modules is supported by at least four of the support members; wherein each of the support members is secured to and supports only one of the photovoltaic modules in each of the one or more rows of photovoltaic modules and is not directly secured to any of the other support members, each of the support members only being structurally connected to any of the other support members by means of one or more of the photovoltaic modules in the array, and at least one of the support members being secured to a mounting hole of one of the photovoltaic modules; and a wind shield at rearward most ones of the support members that is spaced a distance from rearward most ones of the photovoltaic modules and shaped to deflect wind up and over the array of photovoltaic modules rather than under the photovoltaic modules to reduce wind load.
 18. The photovoltaic system according to claim 17, wherein the distance between the wind shield and the rearward most ones of the photovoltaic modules is at least 1.5 times a maximum height of the rearward most ones of the photovoltaic modules, and wherein the wind shield is supported by rear walls of the rearward most ones of the support members. 